PERCEIVED EFFECT OF TERRORISM ON SPORTS PARTICIPATION AMONG NYSC MEMBERS
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Terrorism has no clear cut universally agreed, legally binding, and criminal law definition. However, common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create terror (fear), which are perpetrated for political, ideological, religious goal with out cognizance to the safety of non combatants’ civilians. According to Geoffery Nunberg (October 28, 2001) “the concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities (and individuals with access to state support) to delegitimize political or other opponents, and potentially legitimize the state’s own used of armed force against opponents (such use of terror may itself be described, as “terror by opponents of the state).
The above has made terror to be practiced on a large scale by political, religious and ideological groups to further their own objectives/aims. Not withstanding the above, a common feature to all the proponents of terror is the indiscriminate use of violence against noncombatants (civilians) for the purpose of gaining publicity for such group, cause or individual. Suffice, the effect of terrorism on noncombatants can help heightened fear such that the existing leverage on their part is totally eroded, this view was held by Kim Campbell (September 27,2001)
From the foregoing it is evident that the definition has proved controversial, hence various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions of terrorism in their National legislation. The fact that international community has been reluctant to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime, is because the term “terrorism” is politically and emotionally heightened. Thus Angus Martyn (February 12, 2002), while briefing the Australian Parliament stated that “The International Community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the 1970’s and 1980s, the United Nations attempts to define them founded mainly due to difference of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and self-determination”.
These has made it impossible for Untied Nations to conclude on a single, final legally binding, criminal has definition on terrorism. Be that as it, the international community has adopted a series of sectoral conventions that defines and criminalize various type of terrorist activities.
According to United Nations declaration on measures to eliminate International Terrorism of 1989, the United Nations General Assembly has repeated condemned terrorist activities using the following political description of terrorism: “criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic’s religious or any other nature that maybe in voked to justify them.”
On line Etymology Dictionary (1979) “Terrorism” comes from the French word terrorisme, and it originally referred to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the Reign of terror. This French word terrorisme in turn is derived from the Latin Verb tarreo meaning “ I freighted”. The terror Cimbricus was a Panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC. The Jacobins cited this precedent when imposing the reign of terror during the French Revolution. After the Jacobins lost power, the word ‘terrorist’ became a term of abuse. Although ‘terrorism’ originally referred to acts committed by a government, currently it usually refers to the killing of innocent people by non-government group in such a way as to create a media spectacle. “This meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayer, who described himself as a terrorist”. He founded the Russian terrorist group “people’s Retribution” in 1869. Avnod Kathleen (September 23, 2011).
According to Marenin Otwin ( 1990) The amalgamation of the Nigeria state in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Luggard from its’ three major component entity of North, South and Eastern with its three major ethnic group of Hausa Yorubas and the Ibo vis-a-viz the two dominate religion: Christianity (Yorubas & Ibos) Muslim predominantly in the North (Hausa). Were brought under one legal entity by the British government for easy governance. But as early as 1957 the South were already agitating for self governance and were granted semi-autonomy while final independence were granted to Nigeria in October 1st-1960. Some scholars have argued that the marriage need not have taking place because of the differences in socio-cultural, political, historical and religious background of the various groups that constitute the Nation Nigeria. Thus, Wether they are right or wrong will be determined by the future.
However, successive Nigerian government have done a lot to set up programmes to unify the country, but worthy to note is the National Youth Service Corp Programmes introduced in 1973 by the Military Administration of General Yakubu Gowon to reconstruct, reconcile and rebuild the country after the Nigerian civil war. It further stress the important of such programme introduced among Nigerian Youths. Hence, it was agreed that the best platform to propagate this programme was among the fresh graduates of Nigerian Universities. It evolve fresh Nigerian graduates been posted out of their states of origin, geopolitical area to other states for a period of one year.
However, the insurgent of Boko Haram a terrorist group which sort to rise against western education or anything western is putting paid to the aims of NYSC sports programme.
Statement of the Problem
The researcher has noticed in recent time the phenomenon that the emergence of the Boko Haram sect has posed a problem to the NYSC Sports Participation. Terrorism without any iota of doubt has posed a problem to sport participation among Corps members. The NYSC sports programme has failed to achieve its aims and objectives.
Research Questions
The following questions will be answered at the end of the study.
- Will fear of terrorism have any significant impact on NYSC sports participation?
- Will there be any significant difference on the perceive effect of terrorism on sports participation among NYSC member base on their year of service?
- Will Geo-political area have a significant influence on the perceive effect of terrorism on sport participation among NYSC members?
- Will marital status have any significant impact on the perceive effect of terrorism on sports participation among NYSC members?
Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested at the end of the study:
- There will be no significant effect of fear of terrorism on NYSC members on sport participation.
- There will be no significant difference on the perceived effect of terrorism on sport participation among members based on their year of service.
- There will be no significant difference on the perceived effect of terrorism on sport participation among members based on their geopolitical area.
- There will be no significant difference on the perceived effect of terrorism on sport participation among members on the bases of their marital status.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the perceived effect of terrorism on NYSC sports participation in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The study aim at finding out the perceived effect of emergence of Boko Haram sect and the problem it pose on the NYSC sports participation.
The study will also help to find realistic efforts toward reaching leaders of the sect with a view to initiating a dialogue with them to resolve the crisis.
Ultimately, the lasting solution to the rejection of posting of NYSC members is the restoration of security across the country, hence the upsurge in terrorist violence weakens the ties that bind Nigeria together, and must be comprehensively addressed if the country is to achieve its objective of remaining a strong, United and indivisible entity.
Limitations of the Study
The problems encountered in the study involved:
- Delay in the returns of the questionnaire from Kaduna to Lagos where the researcher resides. This delayed the time for collection and analysis of data.
- Out of Three Hundred and fifty (350) questionnaires that were sent out, only Two Hundred and fifty (250) where retrieved and used for analysis.
Delimitation of the Study
This study was delimited to the use of self developed questionnaire on NYSC members of Kaduna, Ilorin, Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt and Warri. The descriptive survey research and inferential statistic of chi-square and ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses formulated at 0.05 level of significance.
Operational Definition of Terms
Terrorism: It is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.
Perceive: Become aware or conscious of something, come to realize or understand something.
Fear: Is an emotion induced by a perceive threat that causes one to move quickly away from one’s location.
Boko Haram: Western education is sinful in Hausa language. It is a fundamentalist Islamic sect.
NYSC: National Youth Service Corps.
Insurgency: An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constitute authority, e.g. an authority recognized as such by law.
Coercion: Is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner (weather through action inaction by another person, group of persons etc.
Effect: Result, consequence or outcome, repercussion of an action.
Endanger: putting someone or something at risk or in danger i.e. to threaten with extinction.
Perceive: Become aware or conscious of something. Come to realize or understand something.
Boko Haram: Animist Western or otherwise non-Islamic education” and the Arabic word Aram figuratively meaning “sin” (literally forbidden).
Stress: Is any action or situation that places special physical or psychological demands upon an individual.
Sacrilege: Sin.
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