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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INRTODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The fish species automatic detection system is a system that can detect, at the same time distinguishes the various species of fishes. The system offers a comprehensive knowledge in detecting, recognizing and distinguishing the species of fish by first storing the images of fishes in the database, make the system to have a compatibility of receiving the image from your computer and then compare it with the existing images in the database, if match appear with the one of the images in the database, then the system will return that image with some descriptions that prove the fish else return the statement that show the invalidity of that image. The system also has a room to make some modifications or corrections in the database, in terms of the data, the images of the fishes, to delete the database of specific fish or the entire database in general.

The Bakolori reservoir is one of the large dams in Nigeria constructed over thirty years to store water for double season irrigation in the project area. However, with the construction of the dam both water and sediments are being stored in the reservoir and coupled with poor reservoir management practices and lack of full utilization of the reservoir water, sediments accumulation within reservoir remained and on the increase due to lack of flushing mechanisms in the design and construction of the dam. Consequently over a period of thirty two year of impounding water, the Bakolori reservoir bed is expected to have undergone some transformational changes arising from deposition and accumulation of sediments, which obviously must have implications on the available active and dead storage allocations in the reservoir.

The Bakolori irrigation project is located within the Sokoto River Basin and derived its name from the host community, Bakolori, where the dam was constructed across the River Sokoto near Talata Mafara, the headquarters of the Talata Mafara Local Government Area (LGA) of Zamfara State. The project which was, as quoted in MRT, 1977, first identified by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations (FAO) during a soil and water resource of the Sokoto valley in1969, was the first stage of the development of the Sokoto Rima-Basin for irrigation purposes. It was envisage to include a series of dams and polders together areas of terrace irrigation and dams were to be constructed across the Sokoto River at Bakolori, the Gagere at Yantabaki, the Bunsuru ta Zobe, and Zurmi and the Rima at Kachera. The Bakolori dam would feed a terrace irrigation area of 27,000ha, the Yantabaki, Zobe and Zurmi together. Another larger terrace area at Shinkafi, and lower down the Rima, the Kachera dam would store water for a series of polders in the fadama riverine areas at Kagara Rima, Tangwali, Sokoto, Silame, Zarno, and Zogina. A polder being defined as an isolated basin in which water is controlled by pumping in either direction, out in the raining season and inward in the dry season. The actual feasibility, designs and construction were executed by Impresit Bakolori (Nigeria) Limited and its Italian associate, Nuovo Castoro between 1974 and 1982. The project which was commissioned in 1983 is managed by the Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority (SRRBDA), a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of water Resources, established in 1975.

In climatic and vegetation terms, the Bakolori Irrigation project and the Sokoto River Basin are located in the Sahel Savannah where the rainfall (wet-season) starts between April and June and ends around October when the dry season sets in, the mean annual rainfall ranges between 500mm to 800mm. the rainfall is usually erratic, unpredictable and associated with periodic drought. There is usually an annual dry-cold and dusty harmattan period between November and February. Hence, extreme heat is experienced before the rainfall between March and April and may extend to late June or July with late rainfall (Sifiyanu, 2015, as cited in Yahaya, 2002). Consequently, the Bakolori project which includes the dam, reservoir and canal systems were constructed to supply irrigation water in winter and to supplement during the rains so that at least two crops a year can be grown over an area of 27,000ha by an estimated population of about forty to fifty thousand peasant farm families in Sokoto valley in the districts of Talata Mafara and Bakura in place of the single, unreliable rain-fed crop (MRT, 1977). In addition to double cropping, the use of fertilizers, pesticides and improved farming methods, including the growing of more productive crops was expected to increase the productivity from an annual average, in 1974, of 15000 tons to a total of 30,000 tons by 1995 on existing crops alone. The dam was constructed to store about 450 MCM of rain water from the catchment area extending to Funtua and Dandume in Katsina state.

In chapter one the researchers are going to state the reasons of the research (i.e. statement of problems) and mental turn them into questions such that when the questions were answered the problems make and shed more light on aims and objectives of the study and significances of the study while in chapter two the researchers are going to review the related literatures and shed more light on some vital concepts related to the research topic.

In chapter three the researchers are going to explain the research method used and make a good analysis of the existing system and the new system. While in chapter four the researchers are going to analyzed the data to have the result finding which is going to be implemented at the end tail of the study.

Finally, in chapter five the researchers are going to summer arise the research outcome conclude and recommendation base on the result.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The classification and distinguishing of the fish species encounter a numerous problems which include the following:

Different authors mistakenly used different name for the same species.
The gill rakers are varying in number and size with different species and also with the age in appearance.
Some species are difficult to identify at early stage.
Length of a distinct fish is also difficult to measure.
Color of some fish.
The size and the shape of the fin of a fish are often as a clue to the identity of a species.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study is poised towards providing answers to the following research questions

How can you identify a fish species ?
Can a gill rakers be identified in number and size with different species?
How can some species be identify at this early stage?
Can the length of a distinct fish be measured?
How can some fish be identify by their colors ?
Can the size and the shape of the fin of a fish be identify?

1.4 SIGNIFICANCES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this work is to perform a comprehensive review of existing methods for object detection and recognition suitable for passing fish, to select the most promising ones,
To design a system that will be able collects high-resolution images of fish behavior in all riverine conditions—light, dark, murky.
To design a system that will be able monitor numerous fish of many lifestages

across a great distance

To develop a system for detecting fish in underwater
To implement an application that is able to detect fish in the video, distinguish

fish from other passing objects and extract features useful for fish

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to design an automatic system that can identify classify and recognize the species of fish by images in order to solved or approximately reduce the numerous problems faced by manual system as well as the some of the automatic systems.

The objectives of automatic detection of fish species system is mention below:

To design and implement the system that can recognize and detect the species of fish efficiently and effectively using images.
To reduce the detail delay and the time spent by manual system.
To solve the problem of color, length and shape of fishes, faced by fishery.
To simplify the most of the automatic systems by making the propose system simple (readable, understandable and supportable).
To introduce the vision of computer to fishery as well as the related fields.

1.6 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research is to design differentiate types of detection systems but the researchers confined this study to design a fish species detection system that captures collect and store the images and the details of twenty species of fishes in the database which will enables the end users to search the existing image of distinct species and its description respectively and the system is limited with only twenty species of fishes that is, the system can only detect, recognize and analyze the images of twenty species of fishes. This is due to the time factor, availability of materials and financial constraints.

1.7 DEFINATION OF SOME TERMS

FISH: A cold blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water. It typically has jaws, fins, scales, a slender body, a two chambered heart and gills for providing oxygen to the blood.
SPECIES: A kind, sort or variety of something.
AUTOMATIC: Starting, operating or functioning by itself.
DETECTION: The act of noticing or discovering the existence of something or the state of having been noticed or discovered.
SYSTEM: A group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs, processing it and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
IMAGE: A picture or likenesses of somebody or something produce either physically by a sculptor, painter, and photographer or in the mind.
FIN OF FISH: Part of fish used for motion. The fin varies in shape and size.

CAUDAL FIN: Is used for propulsion. It varies in shape and this affects a fish’s speed and buoyancy. And are of many type e.g. forked rounder, lunate, emarginated caudal fins etc.
DORSAL FIN: Large fin on a fish’s back that varies in shape, size and position.
PECTORAL FIN: Side fins mainly used for direction or ‘’steering’’, and sometime for slow swimming.
PELVIC FIN: Paired fins located on the belly or under pectoral fins.

BARBLELS: These are ‘’whiskers’’ near the mouth and are used by bottom-feeding fish to sense food.
GILLS OF FISH: The organ that fish and some other water animals used to breathe.
SIZE OF FISH: Is the measurement of the fish’s length from the tip of the mouth to the tip of the tail.
MOUTH: Food and voice organ. The size and the position of the mouth indicate what a fish eats. A ventral or downward-oriented mouth, indicate that a fish feeds on insects snails along the lake bottom. A forward or upward-directed mouth indicates a fish that feeds within the water column.

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Full Project – Fish species automated detection system

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Full Project – Fish species automated detection system

Full Project – Fish species automated detection system

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