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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is an investigative tool used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects (descriptive offender profiling) and analyze patterns that may predict future offences and/or victims (predictive offender profiling). Offender profiling dates back to 1888 and the spree of Jack the Ripper and the profiling theory describes how profiling will ideally work. Current applications include predictive profiling, sexual assault offender profiling, and case linkage (using profiling to identify common factors in offences and to help with suspect identification).

Goals of criminal profiling include providing law enforcement with a social and psychological assessment of the offender; providing a “psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender” (p. 10); and offering suggestions and strategies for the interviewing process. Ainsworth (2001) identified four main approaches to offender profiling: geographical, investigative psychology, typological, and clinical profiling.

Five steps in profiling include analyzing the criminal act and comparing it to similar crimes in the past, an in-depth analysis of the actual crime scene, considering the victim’s background and activities for possible motives and connections, considering other possible motives, and developing a description of the possible offender that can be compared with previous cases. Notable profilers in history include Walter C. Langer, James Brussel, Howard Teten, Robert Keppel, Richard Walter, John Douglas, Robert Ressler, and David Canter.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In modern criminology, offender profiling is generally considered the “third wave” of investigative science. The first wave was the study of clues, pioneered by Scotland Yard in the 19th century, the second wave was the study of crime itself (frequency studies and the like), and this third wave is the study of the psyche of the criminal.

Profiling techniques existed as early as the Middle Ages, with the inquisitors trying to “profile” heretics. The first offender profile was assembled by detectives of the Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper, a serial killer who had murdered a series of prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer’s surgical skill and knowledge. Bond’s assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.

The coding framework first developed to evaluate profiles was based on Toulmin’s work in the 1950s. Toulmin’s work (1958), originally based on the analysis of philosophical and legal rhetoric, proposed that arguments could be broken down into various component parts to enable researchers to scrutinize the strengths and weaknesses of various aspects of any given claim. He suggested that arguments contain six interrelated components: (1) the claim, (2) the strength of the claim, (3) the grounds supporting the claim, (4) the warrant, (5) the backing, and (6) the rebuttal.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Criminal profiling is not without problems or those who say it is invalid. Incorrect information from profiling can lead to false positives or false negatives. Investigators may find a suspect who appears to fit an incorrect profile and ignore or stop investigating other leads. The opposite of the false positive is the false negative: the profile yields incorrect information which would cause investigators to ignore a suspect who is actually guilty.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objective of this research work is to design and implement criminal profiling software to search methods to identify crime patterns from the database. The objectives include the following;

To provide a solution to the problem of criminal identification
To track down law offenders
To keep records of offender’s background, physical characteristics, habits, beliefs, values, and previous behaviours.
To provide a system that will aid in criminal investigation.
To build a data that will help to reduce and possibly prevent crimes
To maintain criminal patterns database

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research is intended to identify and highlight that which is necessary for a good criminal profiling software system, which is achieved using fuzzy algorithm. The records should collect data from multiple sources and place it into smaller databases for easy access and usage. The data collected can be reviewed and significant features identified from time to time.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research work is limited to the study of the design of criminal profiling record using Uwani Force Command Enugu. It covers criminal investigative information as regards what it is presently and the state will be in the nearest future. It is assumed that the result of the study was supposed to include past criminal cases and evidence recovered from the crime scene but were limited because of the time factor in processing crime information.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study encountered a lot of setbacks. Some of the constraints include;

Co-operation on the part of the offender to give proper information’
Restricted access to expedient textbooks and journals by libraries.

Time factor in that I had less time to research and compile this work.

Revenue I did not have enough money to facilitate my research work

CONTRIBUTION TO ICT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

Development of information and communication technologies has helped in the transformation of criminal profiling software. It has led to the new information economy, which is digital in nature. ICT is a broad terminology referring to multiple communication technologies which range from simple to complex, namely cell phone applications (SMS) Digital, Camera and Internet Wireless (WIFI) etc.

With the help of ICT, the crime record information system is becoming far better and safer than it used to be. There is a reduction in the degree of inefficiencies and uncertainty. Secondly, ICT has led to more transparency in the crimimal record management, networking and information sharing definitely leading to demands for greater openness and transparency.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CRIME: An action prohibited by law or a failure to act as required by law. It is also an activity that involves breaking the law.

CRIMINALIZATION: One can view criminalization as a procedure deployed by society as a pre-emptive, harm-reduction device, using the threat of punishment as a deterrent to anyone proposing to engage in the behaviour causing harm.

CRIMINAL: A person who has committed a crime or anyone acting illegally.

CRIMINOLOGY: The study of crime and criminals and can also be referred as the study of criminal behaviour and the cause of this behaviour.

CRIMINALITY: The state of being criminal or a criminal act or practice.

COMPLAINT: A formal charge that somebody has committed a crime.

VIOLENCE: The use of physical force to injure somebody or damage something.

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Full Project – Design and implementation of a criminal profiling software using fuzzy algorithm

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Full Project – Design and implementation of a criminal profiling software using fuzzy algorithm

Full Project – Design and implementation of a criminal profiling software using fuzzy algorithm

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