Full Project – EFFECT OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study
The term early marriage practice or child marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18years old in accordance to Article of the Convention on the Rights of the child. UNICEF (2005) describes it as both formal marriage and informal unions in which a girl lives with a partner as if married before the age of 18. Early marriage practice, also known as child marriage is defined as any marriage carried out below the age of 18 years, before the girl is physically, physiologically, and psychologically ready to shoulder the responsibilities of marriage and child bearing, child marriage, on the other hand, involves either one or both spouses being children and may take place with or without formal registration, and under civil, religious or customary laws.
Early marriage practice is one of the key issues affecting female children below 18years of age. These occur mostly in the Northern part of Nigeria where they believe a child’s first menstrual period should the husband’s house. In some cases, these girls are even given out before they were born to a man old enough to be their father. Could this be poverty or should I say culture? Some cultural practice have led us astray, causing harm to young people who are being fed with these lies. Making child see herself like a baby making factory but funny enough they are still born into a abject poverty.
Child marriage is a fundamental violation of human rights that can have numerous adverse effects on girls social, mental, physical, health and wellbeing. It is also not a singular violation. Having free and full consent to marry is connected to the right to life, the right to health, the right to education. The right to safety and security. In addition to denying girls their right to make their own choices for their lives, it also puts them at greater risk of early pregnancy, domestic violence and sexually transmitted infections, while reducing their opportunities for education and employment.
It is also a period when the girl-child is malleable, builds and develops her personality and character. The girl-child is a biological female offspring from birth to 18 years of age. During this period, the young girl is totally under the care of the adult who may be parents, guardians or elder siblings. Very dependent on others who she models their behaviours, through observation, repetition and imitation. Her physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional developments start and progress to get to the peak at the young adult stage. (Sutherland, 2001). The development of any society would be grossly lopsided if the girl child is not given quality education.
Education in any normal society is accepted as an instrument to power, prestige, survival, greatness and advancement for men and women. The United Nations General Assembly (2001) adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which stipulates that everyone has the right to education which shall be free atleast in elementary and primary stages. Similarly, the National Policy on Education emphasizes among other things that there will be equal opportunities for all citizens, However, Osinulu (1994) lamented that the girl-child is discriminated against in terms of education and given out to marriage early thereby denying the girl-child the required competences for community development.
Education, as earlier stated, is the movement from darkness to light (Allan Bloom), is not only about live-hood and technical skills but more importantly provides social and connectedness” or aptitude which enables one to access key resources to alleviate poverty. By in treading with others, individuals acquire the social skills and personal capacities needed to access resources and opportunity’s and to form social networks for support and assistance when required in the future. Educated woman are more likely to have a say in decision-making regarding the size of their families and spacing of their children. They are also likely to be more informed and knowledgeable about contraception and the health care needs of their children.
Adolescent girls who marry outside their communities tend to lose close friendships they had formed in their parental homes, and often become quiet and subdued. This means that even where girls have developed social networks they are unable to access them from their marital community. While marriage does not have to mean that a girl’s education finishes the attitudes of parents, schools and spouses in many societies mean that it often does. Husbands of young wives are often older men, who expect their wives to follow tradition, stay home and undertake household and child- care duties. A girl may be unable to go against her husband’s wishes and the husband’s family may refuse to invest their scarce resources in the wife’s continued schooling.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Early and forced marriage is most prevalent where poverty, birth and death rates are high, there is greater incidence of conflict and civil strife and lower levels of overall development, including schooling, employment and healthcare. Married young girls are frequently taken out of school, are at a higher risk of HIV infection, early pregnancy and health conditions such as obstetric fistula. If she survives childbirth her children are less likely to grow up healthy and go to school, continuing the cycle of poverty for generations to come.
Marriage frequently follows school leaving. But it is not clear the direction of causation. Is it that early marriage practice causes girls to leave school prematurely such that those girls and their families predisposed to early marriage practice are less inclined to invest in girls’ schooling? The interaction between the number of years of a girl’ s schooling and the postponement of marriage is firmly established by demographic and fertility studies.
Even if they do permit girls to return, the school environment-rules, time-tables and physical conditions can make it too difficult for a girl to attend school and perform her duties as wife and mother at the same time, bullying and abuse by teachers, pupils and other parents can further reduce girls’ self-confidence and sense of security, forcing than to give up on schooling.
Generally, the causes of child marriage include, poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, laws that allow child marriages, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, illiteracy and perceived inability of women to work for money.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to identify Effect of early girl child marriage. The study ought to
- Determine the effects of child marriage on education for girls in Nigeria.
- Examine the effects of cultural beliefs of early marriage practice on education for girls in Nigeria.
- Determine the effects of early marriage practice of academic performance on education for girls in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were designed to guide the study:
- What are effects of child marriage on education for girls in Nigeria?
- What are the effects of cultural beliefs of early marriage practice on education for girls in Nigeria?
- What are the effects of early marriage practice on academic performance on education for girls in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
- There is no significant effects of child marriage on girl-child education.
- Cultural beliefs will not have any significant effects on girl-child education.
- There is no significant effects of early marriage practice on academic performance of girl-child education.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Girls would benefit from this study by learning that education is the only key to achieving greater goals in life, and this will help them in correcting the entire imbalance that had existed in girls’ education.
Parents would benefit a great deal in this study by getting to learn that women education is never a Waste, and that if you educate a man, you educate an individual but if you educate a women you educate a family (i.e a nation), and this will help change their attitudes and ignorance towards girls’ education.
Government both the federal, state and local levels would benefit greatly from this study by realizing that funds, higher access to education, poverty alleviation programs should be made available for girls’ education in all levels.
Educators, educational planners, the general public would benefit very well from this study by learning that girls are in no way inferior to men, they would also benefit by learning how to educate, guide and counsel girls in carriers, choices of educational courses.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study examined Effect of early girl child marriage. This study focuses on the effects of early marriage practice on girl child education in Shomolu Local Government Area.
1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms
Early marriage practice: Child marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18 years old, in accordance to Article of the Convention on the Right of the Child. While child marriage can happen to both sexes, it disproportionately affects girls.
Girl Child: The girl-child is a biological female offspring from birth to 18 years of age. During this period, the young girl is totally under the care of the adult who may be parents, guardians or elder siblings.
Poverty: Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either absolute or relative.
Education: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.
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