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Full Project – Assessment of body mass index (BMI)

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The human body has linear, area, and volume measurements. A tendency towards a natural proportionality in body measures exists, and it varies with sex and the growth and developmental degrees (Sinclair, 2011). According to Allometry 2010, height and body weight are, respectively, measures of the linear and volume nature of an organism. These 2 anthropometric variables, whose measures are simple and reliable, have been classically used to morphologically characterize an individual. In the XIX century, Quetelet proposed a strategy to mathematically relate an individual’s weight and height. According to a MEDLINE search, this strategy, which was later named body mass index, has appeared in more than 6,000 articles since 2005, and it has scientific and epidemiological consistency. Different authors and international agencies (Willett, 2013) have proposed normal ranges for the body mass index of adults, which allow the identification of undernourished, overweight, and obese individuals. The normal values in adolescents, children, and infants, however, are distinct and based on percentiles (Bundred, 2010).

Overweight has been associated historically with chronic and degenerative diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gallbladder disease, diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer. Elevated values of body mass index have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.

Even though body mass index has been widely used in clinical practice, several theoretical restrictions to its use and it’s recommended normal ranges exist. Sexual and ethnic differences, and differences in the patterns of regular physical activity, and consequently, in the level of adiposity, may contribute to some limitations of the body mass index. It is even possible that the passage of time, stressed by biological and even cultural factors, may interfere with the consistency of the body mass index. An example may be seen in the anthropometric data of famous women, such as female models or those participating in the Miss America Beauty Pageant. Even though these women may socially be considered acceptable, a high prevalence of patterns corresponding to clinical undernourishment would be observed if the current criteria for body mass index were applied. (Willett, 2016).

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height, and applies to most adult men and women aged 20 and over. For children aged 2 and over, BMI percentile is the best assessment of body fat. BMI does not measure body fat directly. However, research indicates that BMI correlates to direct measures of body fat such as underwater weighing and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and is considered an inexpensive and easy-to-perform alternative for these. Body Mass Index (BMI) has been described as a significant predictor of Blood Pressure (B.P) but few studies have demonstrated this association in our environment.

BMI is a simple, inexpensive, and non invasive surrogate measure of body fat. In contrast to other methods, BMI relies solely on height and weight and with access to the proper equipment, individuals can have their BMI routinely measured and calculated with reasonable accuracy.

Studies have shown that BMI levels correlate with body fat and with future health risks. High BMI predicts future morbidity and death. Therefore, BMI is an appropriate measure for screening for obesity and its health risks.

The widespread and longstanding application of BMI contributes to its utility at the population level. Its use has resulted in an increased availability of published population data that allows public health professionals to make comparisons across time, regions, and population subgroups (Bundred, 2014).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to WHO (2011) Overweight and obesity may increase the risk of many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. For a pregnant woman, excess weight may lead to short and long term health problem for she and the baby. Gallbladder diseases and Gallstones are more common if you are overweight loss or loss of a large amount of weight. To this effect this study is deign to assess the body mass index (BMI) of the students Department of Food Science Home and Hospitality Management, HUK poly.

1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the research work is to examine the BMI of the student of Food Science and hospitality Management.

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To measure the BMI of the respondents and compare with the standard.
To know the eating habits of the respondents
To know the life style of the respondents
To know the social demographic of respondents

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the BMI statuses of the respondents?
What is the eating habit of the respondents?
What are the life styles of the respondents?
What are the social demographic of the respondents?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is primarily to assist the students of food science home hospitality management of Hassan Usman Kastina Polytechnic as well as their family to the effective control of nutritional disorder.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study will only cover the assessment of BMI among the student of food science home and hospitality Management, college of Science and technology, Hassan Usman Katsina polytechnic.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The possible limitations to the study of this nature include the time frame work within which the research is expected to be submitted, the financial institutions to be experienced, as well as the nature of the volume of data available.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

ASSESSMENT: Assessment: is to make a judgment about (something) or to officially say what the amount, value, or rate of (something) is.

BMI: The BMI is a measure of relative weight based on an individual’s mass and height. Nowadays the BMI is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity. Moreover, it is adopted by the British government in an effort to promote healthy eating.

Body: the physical structure of a human or animal seen as single organisms or the fleshly nature of a human, as opposed to the spirit or soul.

Mass: is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. It also determines the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies. The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

Index: An alphabetical list of subjects treated in a book. It usually appears at the end of the book and identifies page numbers on which information about each subject appears.

Weight: is a term that is generally found in commerce or trade applications, and refers to the total weight of a product and its packaging.

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