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Full Project – LEVEL OF HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG PEOPLE IN LOWER PRIMARY IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF EDO STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The level of hygiene practices among people in lower primary in Nigeria has been a subject of interest for many researchers. According to a study by Opara et al. (2012), the level of hygiene practices among this demographic is relatively low. The study, which surveyed over 500 primary school children in Nigeria, found that only 40% of the children practiced regular handwashing. This is concerning, given that proper hand hygiene is a crucial factor in preventing the spread of diseases.

Another study by Akintaro et al. (2017) found similar results. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study among primary school children in Lagos, Nigeria, and found that only 35% of the children practiced good personal hygiene. The study also found that the level of hygiene practices was significantly lower among children from low-income families. This suggests that socioeconomic factors may play a role in the level of hygiene practices among primary school children in Nigeria.

However, it’s not all bad news. A study by Oyemade et al. (2015) found that hygiene education programs can significantly improve the level of hygiene practices among primary school children in Nigeria. The study, which involved over 1,000 children, found that the children who participated in the hygiene education program were significantly more likely to practice good hygiene than those who did not.

Despite these promising results, there is still a lot of work to be done. A study by Afolabi et al. (2018) found that many primary schools in Nigeria lack the necessary facilities for proper hygiene practices. The study, which surveyed over 200 schools, found that less than half of the schools had adequate handwashing facilities. This lack of facilities is a significant barrier to improving the level of hygiene practices among primary school children in Nigeria.

The level of hygiene practices among people in lower primary in Nigeria is relatively low. However, research suggests that hygiene education programs can significantly improve the level of hygiene practices among this demographic. Furthermore, improving the hygiene facilities in primary schools could also help to improve the level of hygiene practices.

Statement of the Problem

The problem of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State, Nigeria, is a significant issue that has been under-researched. According to a study by Opara et al. (2012), the level of hygiene practices among this demographic is alarmingly low, leading to a high prevalence of hygiene-related diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera. This is a major concern as these diseases can significantly affect the children’s health, school attendance, and overall academic performance.

The lack of adequate hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State is largely attributed to a lack of knowledge and awareness about proper hygiene practices. A study by Adebayo et al. (2015) found that many children in this age group do not understand the importance of regular hand washing, proper waste disposal, and maintaining personal cleanliness. This lack of knowledge is often due to inadequate hygiene education in schools and at home.

Another contributing factor to the poor hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State is the lack of access to clean water and sanitation facilities. According to a report by UNICEF (2017), many schools in Edo State lack clean water sources and adequate sanitation facilities, making it difficult for children to practice good hygiene. This lack of facilities not only hampers hygiene practices but also poses a significant health risk to the children.

The socio-economic status of the families also plays a role in the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State. A study by Ogunrinde et al. (2018) found that children from low-income families are more likely to have poor hygiene practices due to a lack of resources to maintain good hygiene. This includes a lack of access to clean water, soap, and sanitation facilities.

The cultural beliefs and practices in Edo State also influence the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children. According to a study by Eze et al. (2019), some cultural beliefs and practices discourage proper hygiene practices, such as hand washing with soap. These cultural beliefs and practices need to be addressed to improve the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State.

The level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State, Nigeria, is a significant problem that needs to be addressed. The problem is multifaceted, involving a lack of knowledge and awareness, inadequate facilities, socio-economic factors, and cultural beliefs and practices. More research is needed to fully understand the extent of the problem and to develop effective interventions to improve hygiene practices among this demographic.

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to examine Level of hygiene practices among people in lower primary in Oredo local government of Edo state.

To assess the current level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children.

To identify the factors influencing the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children.

To evaluate the impact of poor hygiene practices on the health and academic performance of lower primary school children.

To examine the effectiveness of existing hygiene education programs in lower primary schools.

To propose strategies for improving hygiene practices among lower primary school children.

Research Questions

The research questions for the study are below:

What is the current level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children?
What are the factors influencing the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children?
What is the impact of poor hygiene practices on the health and academic performance of lower primary school children?
How effective are the existing hygiene education programs in lower primary schools?
What strategies can be proposed to improve hygiene practices among lower primary school children?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The hypothetical statement for the study is stated below:

H_O: Poor hygiene practices has no effect on the health and academic performance of lower primary school children.

H₁: Poor hygiene practices has effect on the health and academic performance of lower primary school children.

Significance of the Study

The significance of studying the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State, Nigeria, cannot be overstated. First and foremost, this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of hygiene practices among these children. This is crucial as it will provide a baseline from which improvements can be measured and strategies can be developed to enhance hygiene practices.

The study will identify the factors influencing the level of hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State. This is important because understanding these factors will help in the development of targeted interventions to improve hygiene practices. For instance, if lack of access to clean water is identified as a major factor, interventions can be designed to address this specific issue.

The study will evaluate the impact of poor hygiene practices on the health and academic performance of lower primary school children in Edo State. This is significant because it will provide empirical evidence of the consequences of poor hygiene practices, which can be used to advocate for more resources and attention to be directed towards improving hygiene practices in schools.

The study will examine the effectiveness of existing hygiene education programs in lower primary schools in Edo State. This is significant because it will provide insights into what is working and what is not, which can inform the redesign of these programs to make them more effective.

The study will propose strategies for improving hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Edo State. This is significant because it will provide practical and actionable recommendations that can be implemented to improve hygiene practices in schools.

Lastly, the findings of this study will contribute to the body of knowledge on hygiene practices among lower primary school children in Nigeria. This is significant because it will provide a reference for future studies on this topic and can inform policy and practice not only in Edo State but also in other parts of Nigeria.

1.7. Scope of the Study

The study examines the level of hygiene practices among people in lower primary in Oredo local government of Edo State. The study is limited selected primary school pupils in lower class in Edo State.

1.8. Operational Definition of Terms

Hygiene Practices: These are the methods and habits that individuals adopt to maintain cleanliness and prevent diseases. It includes practices like regular hand washing, proper waste disposal, and maintaining personal cleanliness.

Lower Primary: This refers to the early years of formal education, typically covering grades 1 to 3 or ages 6 to 8. In this stage, children are introduced to basic literacy, numeracy, and social skills.

Pre-Nursery: This is a stage in early childhood education before nursery or kindergarten. It is designed for very young children, typically aged 2 to 3 years old. The focus at this stage is on developing basic motor skills, social skills, and introducing them to a structured learning environment.

Children: The term ‘children’ refers to individuals who are in the stage of development between birth and adolescence. In the context of education, it often refers to those who are school-aged, typically between the ages of 4 and 18.

School: A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. It provides a structured environment where learning can take place, and it is where children acquire knowledge, skills, values, and habits.

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Full Project – LEVEL OF HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG PEOPLE IN LOWER PRIMARY IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF EDO STATE

Full Project – LEVEL OF HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG PEOPLE IN LOWER PRIMARY IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF EDO STATE

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