Full Project – Design and implementation of a computerized laboratory test analysis system

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Chemical pathology seeks by skilled analysis and the clinician and the treatment, and in the prevention of ill health. Its advancement has followed the development of clinical medicine of bio-chemical knowledge and of chemical analysis techniques.

The first phase of modern chemical pathology was from about 1910 to 1920. Visual calorimeters were widely available and analytical methods requiring only 1ml of blood were generally adopted.

This led to the second phase, which spanned over the period of 1920 to 1945. The methodological development was photometers, which permitted easy analysis, and photoelectric calorimeters, which afforded greater speed and precision than did visual calorimeters.

The third phase followed in 1950 when analytical procedures became possible in ultra micro samples (0.01ml), thus allowing a more intensive bio-chemical study involving pediatric and neonatal disease.

Next was the fourth phase, which marked the introduction of automatic analytical by continuous flow of discrete systems to cope with the demand for test.

With this type of equipment, we progressed to the fifth phase, when in large laboratories, computers have become necessary to maintain the identification of sample to control the analytical machinery, and to calculate, store, and deliver the result.

The sixth phase, which is now the beginning will hive to involve much improved selectivity in the choice and frequency of bio-chemical investigation. Computer based expert systems may help in the selection and grouping of tests and in the interpretation of results.

It is the need for the present manual laboratory test analysis system of the ABSUTH to keep with these advances in the laboratories that necessitated these studies: Design and implementation of computerized laboratory test analysis system.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The use of manual system of operation in the laboratory test analysis system at ABSUTH is associated with the following problems;

1. WASTE OF TIME

Because of the rate at which processing is done, the need to see a pathologist or any laboratory staff personally leads to the considerable loss or invaluable man hour, as a result of which workers abandon their task to join queues that mostly take up the whole o the day’s job.

1. DELAY IN THEW RELEASE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY TEST RESULT

This affects the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

1. CASES OF PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL TEST RESULT

A manual approach to medical laboratory analysis comes with a lot of errors based on the rigorous process involved in collection of the patient’s data. Often time, among numbering of test tube or labeling and other manually operated instrument can bring about wrong diagnosis leading to cases of patients with abnormal test result.

1. d) POOR DATA DOCUMENTATION AND SECURITY

Large volumes of data are recorded in different paper files, which lead to data redundancy and inaccuracy. There is difficulty in retrieval of information. Also cockroaches and rats can destroy files in cupboard where they are packed.

1. e) CUMBERSOMENESS OF WORK

Work is cumbersome and tedious with manual system of operation.

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to create awareness about the relevance of computer in laboratory test analysis system.

• AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project is to :

1. Achieve prompt release of laboratory test result for speedy diagnosis and treatment of patients.
2. Minimize time wasted in waiting t6o see the pathologist.
3. Provide good documentation and security for data in storage.
4. To ensure job satisfaction through the use of computer to eliminate the cumbersome and disorganized manual mode of operation.
5. To ensure systematic data analysis and representation of laboratory test result.
6. Reduce errors that may occur as a result of rigorous processes involved in collection of patients data.

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The project work was limited to chemical pathology department of ABSUTH. Under this sub-unit, the study was further narrowed down to blood as the sample. However, the work-covered patients information like appointment, case and diagnosis, laboratory test analysis, result processing, issuing and file update.

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

During the course of the study, the following constraints were encountered ;

1. LACK OF FINANCE

The huge money involved in running to and fro ABSUTH for data collection, money for computer printing and binding, constituted a major constraint to the project work.

2. LIMITED TIME DURATION

The one semester period we had to carry out the study was not adequate. Furthermore, other six courses and seminar demanded my attention too.

3. LACK OF REFERENCE MATERIALS

The school library and the nearby public libraries lacked the necessary reference materials needed for the work.

4. INADEQUATE ATTENTION

ABSUTH hospital is a busy hospital and so the laboratory staff could not give me adequate attention.

• ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

In the study, it is assumed that the correct mixture of reagents is used in the laboratory test analysis system. It’s also assumed that accurate readings from the spectrophotometer are fed into the computer system for accurate result.

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

COMPUTER

This is an electronic device that receives data from an input device like keyboard, stores it for future usage, process it (data) and output it as an information with an output device like the printer, monitor, and under a stored program.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

This is the part of the computer that can’t be touched and are set of logical instructions, procedures, any associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system.

COMPUTER HARDWARE

This is the part of the computer system that can be touched and felt and is physical equipment used in data processing, as opposed to programs, procedures and associated documents.

SOFTCOPY

In computer graphics, a non-permanent display images that can’t be separated from a display device. Basically, this is when an output from a computer system is being displayed by the computer monitor and it can’t be touched.

HARDCOPY

A printed copy of machine output in a visual readable form. It can be touched and felt and it is on a paper printed with the aid of an output device like printer.

COMPUTERIZATION

To bring computers into use to control (operate) : to process data by computers. The act of doing a thing or work with the aid of a computer system.

TEST

This is any critical trial, a means of trial. Anything used to distinguish or detect substances, a reagent.

ANALYSIS

A resolving of a thing, its elements or components parts; ascertainment of the result of this. The tracing of things to their source, and so discovering the general principles underlying individual process.

SYSTEM

This is the collection of sub-systems to achieve a specific task. Parts placed together or adjusted into regular and connected whole to achieve a certain task.

LABORATORY

This is a workroom for experiments and research. A chemist workroom for performing certain experiments and research.

PATIENT

An individual under medical or surgical treatment; a doctor’s client.

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Full Project – Design and implementation of a computerized laboratory test analysis system